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Ely Culbertson (July 22, 1891 – December 27, 1955) was an American contract bridge entrepreneur and personality dominant during the 1930s. He played a major role in the popularization of the new game and was widely regarded as "the man who made contract bridge".〔Clay (1985), Preface, p. viii.〕 He was a great showman who became rich, was highly extravagant, and lost and gained fortunes several times over. ==Life== Culbertson was born in Poiana Vărbilău in Romania to an American mining engineer, Almon Culbertson, and his Russian wife, Xenya Rogoznaya. He attended the L'École des Sciences Économiques et Politiques at the Sorbonne in Paris, and the University of Geneva. His facility for languages was extraordinary: he spoke Russian, English, French, German, Czech and Spanish fluently, with a reading knowledge of five others, and a knowledge of Latin and classical Greek. In spite of his education, his erudition was largely self-acquired: he was a born autodidact. After the Russian Revolution (1917), Culbertson lived for four years in Paris and other European cities by exploiting his skill as a card player. In 1921 he moved to the United States, earning his living from winnings at auction bridge and poker. In 1923 he married Mrs. Josephine Murphy Dillon, a successful teacher of auction bridge and a leading woman player, in Manhattan.〔White, James Terry, ''The National Encyclopedia of American biography'', vol. 46, ISBN 978-0-88371-029-6, p. 106.〕 They were successful as both players and teachers, and later as publishers. Josephine Culbertson retained the surname after their divorce in 1938; indeed, a revised edition of ''Culbertson's Contract Bridge in Ten Minutes'' was published under her name in 1951.〔(Search results for 'culbertson, josephine' ) (numbers 41–50 of 73). WorldCat. Retrieved 2014-12-30.〕 Gradually the new game of contract bridge began to replace auction bridge, and Culbertson saw his opportunity to overtake the leaders of auction bridge. Culbertson planned a far-reaching and successful campaign to promote himself as the leader of the new game. As player, organizer, bidding theorist, magazine editor, and team leader, he was a key figure in the growth of contract bridge in its great boom years of the 1930s.〔Francis et al (1994), p. 602.〕 Culbertson was a brilliant publicist; he played several famous challenge matches and won them all. Two were played in the U.S., against s led by Sidney Lenz in 1931–32 and by P. Hal Sims in 1935, the latter between the married couples Culbertson and Sims. Four matches were played in England, against Walter Buller's team in 1930, against "Pops" Beasley's team in 1930 and 1933, and against Col. George Walshe's team in 1934. These matches were typically accompanied by noteworthy publicity in newspapers, on radio and on cinema newsreels, and the hands became the subject of intense discussion on bidding methods.〔Clay (1985).〕 Later, a match did not materialize against the leading American team of the mid-1930s, the "Four Aces". Culbertson was finally beaten in Budapest, June 1937, in the final match of the first world championship teams tournament, by the 6-man Austria team led by Dr. Paul Stern. It was his last appearance in a tournament or match.〔Clay (1985), Introduction, p. 3.〕 Culbertson founded and edited ''The Bridge World'' magazine, which is still published today, and wrote many newspaper articles and books on bridge. He owned the first firm of playing card manufacturers to develop plastic cards, Kem Cards, and developed and owned a chain of bridge schools with teachers qualified in the Culbertson bidding system. He continued to play high-stakes rubber bridge for many years, but gave up tournament and match competition in 1938 to write and to work for world peace. ''Total Peace'' (1943) and ''Must We Fight Russia?'' (1947) were his most important books.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ely Culbertson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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